不定詞

不定詞の作り方

学習テスト

不定詞は動詞の基本形です。英語の不定詞について述べる際は、通常最も一般的な現在不定詞を指しています。しかし、不定詞にはその他に四つの形状があります:完了不定詞、完了不定詞継続, 不定詞継続と 受動不定詞です。

不定詞には二つの形状があります:

  • to不定詞 = to + 基本形
  • to なし不定詞 = 基本形

現在不定詞の基本形は、辞書にある動詞の形状です。

To不定詞 Toなし不定詞
to sit sit
to eat eat
to have have
to remember remember

不定詞の否定は not を不定詞の前に置きます。

例
  • I decided not to go to London.
  • He asked me not to be late.
  • I'd like you not to sing so loudly.
  • I'd rather not eat meat.
  • I might not come.

To不定詞の機能

To不定詞は、様々な構文で使われ、何かの目的や、何かに対する誰かの意見を表現することがよくあります。To不定詞は、数多くの動詞の後に使われることもあります。 不定詞が後に続く動詞のページをご覧下さい。

行動の目的や意図を示すto不定詞

この場合 to はin order to やso as toと同じ意味です。

例
  • She came to collect her pay cheque.
  • The three bears went to find firewood.
  • I am calling to ask you about dad.
  • You sister has gone to finish her homework.
文章の主語となるto不定詞

これは形式的な使い方で、口頭よりも文書に書く場合により多く使われます。

例
  • To be or not to be, that is the question.
  • To know her is to love her.
  • To visit the Grand Canyon is my life-long dream.
  • To understand statistics, that is our aim.
何かが何に使われるのかを示すto不定詞

このパターンでは、to不定詞は名詞や代名詞の後に置かれます。

例
  • The children need a garden to play in.
  • I would like a sandwich to eat.
  • I don't have anything to wear.
  • Would you like something to drink?
形容詞の後の to不定詞

形容詞と一緒に to不定詞を使うのは、よくあるパターンです。 この句の形状:
主語 + to be + 形容詞 + (for/of someone) + to不定詞+ (残りの文章)

主語 + to be + 形容詞 (+ for/of someone) + to不定詞 (+ 残りの文章)
It is good   to talk.  
It is good of you to talk to me.
It is important   to be patient.  
It is important for Jake to be patient with his little brother.
I am happy   to be here.
The dog is naughty   to destroy our couch.
コメントや判断のto不定詞

名詞に関するコメントや判断を行なために to不定詞を使うパターン:
主語 + to be + 名詞句 + to不定詞

主語 + to be + 名詞句 + to不定詞
It was a stupid place to park.
That is a dangerous way to behave.
What you said was a rude thing to say.
This is the right thing to do.
Those were the wrong kind of eggs to buy.
Jim is the best person to hire.
形容詞と一緒に使うto不定詞

To不定詞は、満足や不満足の理由を表現するために副詞 too や enough と一緒に頻繁に使われます。そのパターンは、 too や enough が、それが修飾する形容詞、副詞や名詞の前後に置かれます。そしてその後、その量が多すぎる、十分である、あるいは不十分であるかの理由を説明するためにto不定詞を用います。一般に、to不定詞とそれ以降をすべて取り除いても、その文は文法的に機能します。

例
  • There's too much sugar to put in this bowl.
  • I had too many books to carry.
  • This soup is too hot to eat.
  • She was too tired to work.
  • He arrived too late to see the actors.
  • I've had enough food to eat.
  • She's old enough to make up her own mind.
  • There isn't enough snow to ski on.
  • You're not old enough to have grand-children!
疑問詞と一緒に使う to不定詞

動詞 ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tellとunderstandの後に、 where, how, what, whoとwhenといった疑問詞 + to不定詞を続けることができます。

例
  • She asked me how to use the washing machine.
  • Do you understand what to do?
  • Tell me when to press the button.
  • I've forgotten where to put this little screw.
  • I'm not sure I know who to call.

Toなし不定詞の機能

助動詞の後のtoなし不定詞
例
  • She can't speak to you.
  • He should give her some money.
  • Shall I talk to him?
  • Would you like a cup of coffee?
  • I might stay another night in the hotel.
  • They must leave before 10.00 a.m.
知覚動詞の後のtoなし不定詞

知覚動詞と一緒に使う場合のパターン:動詞 +目的語+to不定詞.

例
  • He saw her fall from the cliff.
  • We heard them close the door.
  • They saw us walk toward the lake.
  • She felt the spider crawl up her leg.
動詞 'make' と 'let'の後のtoなし不定詞
例
  • Her parents let her stay out late.
  • Let's go to the cinema tonight.
  • You made me come with you.
  • Don't make me study that boring grammar book!
'Had better'の表現の後のtoなし不定詞
例
  • We had better take some warm clothing.
  • She had better ask him not to come.
  • We had better reserve a room in the hotel.
  • You'd better give me your address.
  • They had better work harder on their homework.
"Why"と一緒に使うtoなし不定詞

提案する場合、疑問詞 why の後にtoなし不定詞を使うことができます。

例
  • Why wait until tomorrow?
  • Why not ask him now?
  • Why leave before the end of the game?
  • Why walk when we can go in the car?
  • Why not buy a new bed?
学習テスト